Today, most of the big cities or metropolises around the world have been encountering with the problem of informal habitation. The present study, thus, tries to focus on the role of endogenous development in such type of habitation process. For that matter, the paper takes into account architectural programming and urbanism as its theoretical framework because the endogenous development is related to new ways of architecture and urbanism.For a society, exogenous or vertical development and Endogenous or people are two main developmental processes. The current study tries to show as how the endogenous development solves the informal habitation problem. At first, the study analyzes the meaning of habitation, exogenous and endogenous development and then determines how the endogenous development, which is based on sustainable development, help peoples deal with their problems. The methodology applied in this study is analytical, combined with qualitative (from the case study to the theory) and quantitative (from the theory to the case study) researches. Explaining seven factors, the study concludes that the endogenous development has key role in solving the informal habitation problems.

A B S T R A C T Sustainability in horticulture products depends on economic, social and environmental factors. Knowing these factors' sustainability levels can be effective in formulating sustainable horticulture development strategies and their effect on the sustainable livelihood of the user family. Therefore, this research aims to analyze the sustainability of horticulture products and their role in the livelihood of the beneficiary households in the villages of the central part of Bandar Gaz city. The required information was collected through a researcher-made questionnaire, the validity of which was obtained based on the opinion of relevant experts and the reliability of which was obtained by calculating Cronbach's alpha coefficient of 0.89. The statistical population of this research includes garden operators in three villages of Eastern Gaz, Western Gaz and Val Afra, which was calculated using Cochran's formula as a sample size of 250. A random sampling method was used to select research samples. To measure the sustainability of garden products, 45 indicators were used, separated by economic, social, and environmental dimensions, and 53 indicators were used, separated by economic, social, human, and environmental dimensions, to measure the sustainable livelihood of the beneficiary household. According to the Spearman test, horticulture products' economic, social and environmental sustainability is effective in the sustainable livelihood of the user family. The Kruskal-Wallis test results indicate that the beneficiaries' sustainable livelihoods in the three studied villages have a significant difference up to the 99% confidence level. The results of the one-way independent variance analysis test on the cultivated area of three villages and horticulture income in three villages also stated a significant difference in these three factors up to the 99% level. Extended Abstract Introduction The most critical challenge in the world today is food security and providing essential human needs. The lack of balance between population growth and agricultural production has made developing countries face a serious challenge. Sustainable agriculture is an approach that meets human needs without harming the environment and uses natural resources better. Sustainable horticulture is a type of agriculture that is in the direction of human benefits, is more efficient in the use of resources, and is in balance with the environment. Horticulture activity in the category of sustainable agricultural development, considering its nature and the positive aspects that govern this activity, in case of proper management, is superior in terms of not disrupting the ecological balance or at least due to little damage compared to agriculture. In fact, the benefits that can be listed for horticultural activities in order to achieve sustainable agricultural development compared to agriculture are food supply and welfare facilities, storage and meeting the needs of other plants, growing crops under the shelter of trees, soil protection and green cover, air conditioning and increase of atmospheric precipitation, less consumption of chemical fertilizers and preservation of plant genetic resources. A sustainable livelihood strategy is one of the new strategies that can help the villagers' problems. The sustainable livelihood approach was proposed in the 1980s as a new approach to rural development to reduce and eradicate rural poverty. Livelihood is sustainable when it can withstand unexpected pressures and damages and restore itself and improve its capabilities and capital in the future without harming natural resources. The main problem of the research is, what is the state of sustainability of the garden products system in the central villages of Bandar Gaz city? We are also trying to find out what effect the sustainability of garden products can have on the sustainable livelihood of rural households. Bandar Gaz is one of the Golestan province's cities, located in the southeastern part of Gorgan. In terms of longitude and latitude, it is located between 53 degrees and 51 minutes to 54 degrees and 3 minutes of east longitude and 36 degrees and 39 minutes to 36 degrees and 49 minutes of north latitude. Bandar Gaz has a population of 20,742 people in 6,715 households, according to 2016.   Methodology This research is of applied type and descriptive-analytical and survey method, carried out in the 2018-2019 crop year. The main tools for data collection were questionnaires, observations and interviews. The statistical population of the research consists of 715 users of horticultural products. A random sampling method was exerted to select the samples, and 250 samples were selected based on Cochran's formula.   Results and discussion The Kruskal-Wallis test was exerted to investigate and compare the household's sustainable livelihood level using gardens in the studied villages so that the results show a significant difference of 99%, 95% and 90% in the variables. The results show that the level of sustainable livelihood is different in the three villages, so based on the results, the level of sustainability of horticultural products is also different in these three villages.   Conclusion The efficiency of horticultural work for support and investment in the village of East Gaz is more than the other two villages. The ability to buy housing, the amount of meeting health needs, the amount of willingness to migrate, and the amount of unemployed and employed people are more in West Gaz village. However, regarding the village's up-to-date architecture and the village houses' strength, there is a more favorable situation in the village of Eastern Gaz. The results of one-way analysis of variance ANOVA indicate a significant difference between the garden income of three villages among the examined components up to the 99% level.   Funding There is no funding support.   Authors’ Contribution The authors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approthe contenttent of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work declaration of competing interest none.   Conflict of Interest The authors declared no conflict of interest.   Acknowledgments  We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper.

A B S T R A C TToday, all officials involved with the challenges of city sustainability have accepted the idea of a smarter city, using more technologies, creating better living conditions and protecting the environment for a better quality of life. The central part of the metropolis of Tabriz is based on Region 8 and part of Region 10, a historical-cultural area with an area of 286 hectares and a population of about 40 thousand people in 8 neighbourhoods. This research was compiled to evaluate and explain the regeneration of the central part of Tabriz city with the approach of smart growth and in line with the sustainable development of problematic neighbourhoods in the 8th district of Tabriz metropolis. The present review is methodologically practical, to describe and analyze the goals of regeneration based on library studies. The statistical population of the research includes experts and people living in the central context. In the first part, the Delphi method was used by asking experts. In the second part, the structural equation method of SPSS and AMOS software is used. According to the results of using the scales of design, pedestrian-oriented, intergenerational justice in the actual situation and 3 indicators of management and productivity, stable and value-creating jobs are in the potential situation. Also, two environmental indicators with the most direct and indirect effects and a cultural index have been decisive in the regeneration with the smart growth approach in the central part of Tabriz city. Therefore, in the regeneration of the central part, the studied indicators should be used simultaneously and integrated into the reconstruction projects of the central fabric of the city to lead to smart sustainabilityExtended AbstractIntroductionSmart growth is considered a lever for revitalizing neighborhoods and urban centers. In a general scenario of smart growth, knowing the time and resources of investment provides a new and sustainable life in the city center and worn-out and old textures. Moreover, finally, it will improve the quality of urban neighborhoods, especially worn-out ones, and revive them. Tabriz metropolis, one of the most important and largest cities in the country, with a long history of settlement, especially the central and old texture, due to developments in information and communication technology, extensive environmental, social, and economic changes in terms of time requirements, the traditional texture of roads, Deterioration of residential units, lack of equipment, infrastructure and urban services and environmental problems have caused the failure and physically turned into inefficient and problematic textures. Urban planning and development science must adopt a new decision and approach to face the existing and complex issues of worn-out texture. The main problem of the research is to evaluate and explain the regeneration of the central texture and strengthen them in line with the sustainable development of the problematic neighborhoods of Tabriz metropolis according to the solutions and principles of smart urban growth. Therefore, the main goal of this research is to answer the following question:- What are the effective indicators and components in the regeneration of the central texture of Tabriz metropolis with a smart growth approach? MethodologyThis research is applied and fundamental in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical. The collection methods are based on documentary and library studies, surveys, and interviews. In the first part, qualitative data was prepared with an open questionnaire and through interviews, as well as the review of documents and quantitative data used in this research numerically and through the weighting of Delphi questionnaires based on the consensus index model to determine importance, certainty, and priority. The panel members were 19 people (including 5 university faculty members, 7 field research experts, 4 executive experts, and 3 graduate students) selected based on the non-probability (targeted) method. In the second part, Cronbach's alpha method was exerted to measure the reliability of the questions, which was obtained as 0.89. In order to evaluate the validity of the questionnaire, the Lawshe method was exploited. The statistical population of the second part includes District 8 of Tabriz, which is the central texture of the city and is equal to 34,231 people. According to Cochran's formula, the sample size was equal to 379 people. Results and discussionIn the next step, path analysis was performed using AMOS 23 software to compare the integrated model with the hypotheses. The results of the path analysis, while verifying the structures, show that the value of the index of the critical ratio to the degree of freedom (CMIN/DF) is equal to 4.01, which is an optimal value for the model fit. Also, the goodness of fit index (GFI) is 0.952, which indicates the acceptability of this amount for the optimal fit of the model. The value of the root means the square error of estimation (RMSEA) is 0.065, which is acceptable because it is smaller than 0.08 and indicates the confirmation of the research model. Also, the Tucker-Lewis index (TLI) is 0.917, the comparative fit index (CFI) is 0.92, and the normalized parsimonious fit index (PNFI) is 0.882, which all indicate that the fit and verification of the research model are desirable.Therefore, none of the objects are removed and remain in the model. Therefore, it is confirmed that the factor structure of regeneration indicators with the smart growth approach has reliability and construct validity. Also, the second-order factor analysis shows that the factor loadings of all regeneration indicators with the smart growth approach are greater than 0.4 and are significant at the 95% probability level. According to the results, the environmental dimension with a factor loading of 0.94 has the most significant effect on urban regeneration with the smart growth approach in the central texture of Tabriz city. After that, quality of life with a factor loading of 0.92, social dimension with a factor loading of 0.88, economic dimension with a factor loading of 0.83, physical dimension with a factor loading of 0.81, transportation dimension with a factor loading of 0.74 and cultural dimension in order with a factor loading of 0.72, are in the following ranks.According to the final structural model results, the environmental index has the highest value, with a direct effect of 0.594 and an indirect effect of 0.275. Moreover, after that, respectively, the quality of life index with a direct effect of 0.513 and an indirect effect of 0.236, a social index with a direct effect of 0.476 and an indirect effect of 0.217, an economic index with a direct effect of 0.451 and an indirect effect of 0.222, Physical with the direct effect of 0.435 and indirect effect of 0.205, mobility index with the direct effect of 0.373 and indirect effect of 0.182 and cultural index with the effect of direct values of 0.295 and indirect effect of 0.153 are influential in regeneration with smart growth approach in the central part of Tabriz city. ConclusionIn this research, seven main indicators related to the subject were investigated. The results showed that the environmental index with the most significant direct and indirect effect is the focus of the evaluation. After that, dimensions and indicators of quality of life, social index, economic index, physical index, mobility index, and cultural index have been influential. According to the results, the urban environment index was analyzed as the most important factor at a high level, and this means that for urban regeneration with a smart growth approach, improving the environmental and physical conditions in the worn-out and central texture of Tabriz city in the current situation is a priority. It is first. This is the most well-known part of regeneration with a smart growth approach. The analysis results show that this is not the case only in the case of transportation infrastructure. However, more comprehensive urban infrastructure such as the urban landscape, open spaces, green and parks, etc. are also crucial in improving the physical conditions of the infrastructure. Also, this study's results show that the economic sector's importance is as important as improving the physical conditions of the infrastructure. In addition, in the worn-out texture of District 8 of Tabriz city, the sociocultural sector is essential, and the revival of historical and cultural resources is considered one of the urban regeneration options. Funding There is no funding support. Authors’ Contribution All of the authors approved the content of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work.  Conflict of Interest Authors declared no conflict of interest. AcknowledgmentsWe are grateful to all the scientific.

One of unstable backgrounds of urban development is a kind of habitation called informal habitation especially in under-development countries. This kind of habitation needs to adopt special schemes for organizing current situation and preventing from its development in future. Since informal housing was formed and developed by the factors beyond its location and interact on a wider environment, the problem requires policy makings and actions not only on local level but also on national level. This paper is written by descriptive-analytical method and its purpose is to study on informal habitation in Khuzestan and provide the most important enriching ground works on these settlements. All required data and information are also collected by the censuses of statistical center and other urban designs. Finally it is concluded that the municipality of Khuzestans' cities will have the most important role in enriching process as a nongovernmental organization and the highest and the most important authority in urban management. Hence the municipalities should venture to use optimal participation and internal sources of these populations with new innovations in order to enrich these settlements and see the real urbanization.

This study was conducted during summer and winter of 2018- 2019 in the agricultural research field of Shahid Chamran University. Experimental design was split- plot based on RCBD with three replications. The main plot was the type of agricultural system in three levels including conventional (Conv), organic (Org) and sustainable (Sust) (integrated between Conv and Org) and sup- plot was the type of pre- cultivated crop in sequence with wheat including cultivation of mung bean (M- W), corn (C- W), sesame (S- W) and fallow (F- W). Yield quantity (yield and its component) and quality (grain protein), an estimate of photosynthesis matter transfer index of wheat and soil organic carbon (SOC) after one double-cropping were measured. The result showed that the highest (545.04 g/m2) and the lowest (409.28 g/m2) seed yields were obtained in Conv and Org respectively. In contract, with the changing type of system from Conv to Org, grain protein was increased significantly (from 8.3 to 9.6 %). In addition, the highest (535.47 g/m2) yield of wheat was obtained from M- W double cropping. On the other hands the highest remobilization and current photosynthesis matter were obtained in the organic agricultural system with M- W and conventional with M- W double cropping. The situation of SOC showed that the highest (33.18 mg/g) SOC was obtained in the organic agricultural system with C- W double cropping. The reason for improving SOC in the organic and sustainable agricultural system was application of organic matter (compost and vermicompost) and crop residue management. Totally, from the crop ecology point of view, sustainable agricultural method with a sequence of M- W was the most desirable system.

Informal habitation is one of the undesirable consequences of urbanization in contemporary world and is especially encouraged by hasty industrialization and regional inequalities. This problem has caused many other problems in Iranian cities, particularly the bigger ones. While studying informal habitation and formation of informal settlements in Ahvaz City (Manba-e-Ab district), this Articles offers some guidelines to organize and improve this condition. After studying the necessary variants contained in the questionnaires completed by 250 heads of family residing in informal settlements of Manba-e-Ab district, it is argued that the cause of this problematic phenomenon is rapid industrialization of Ahvaz city and uncontrolled immigration on one side, and financial problems, absence of unified and coordinated management in solving financial problems and also the absence of unified and coordinated management of immigration and settlement issues on the other side. Data analysis carried out by factor analysis method and the use of "SPSS" software load the social indicators as the first priority, managerial indicators as the second priority, servicing indicators as the third and the fourth priorities, anatomical indictors as the fifth and sixth priorities, economic indicators as the seventh priority and environmental indicators as the eighth priority for organization improvement of Manba-e-Ab district. At the end, proportionate to the research findings, appropriate strategies are proposed.

Beside the cities of the Zagros hillsides in which Ilam is located, ecological resources have brought about significant ecological and environmental enhancement as well as ecotourism opportunities. Among these beautiful sites, residential regions play an influential role in creating and developing landscape values and this is the question under investigation in this article. This study has been performed through field research and library research through such sources as electronic sites, census data and university these, map study (of Ilam), with the aim of introducing an ecological design for the region under discussion.

Formation and expansion of informal habitations with undesirable physical, economic and social characteristics are among the consequences of urbanization growth in the city of Zanjan. «Biseam» informal habitation is among the big informal residential regions in the city of Zanjan, which is the outcome of anomalous and uncontrolled immigrations of peasants to cities. The region is faced with many problems and insufficiencies with respect to its physical aspects. The entire physical characteristics of the region along with demographical and social characteristics dominating the region have led it to become the focal venue for a considerable level of crimes in Zanjan city. The present research aims at surveying the impact of «Biseam» informal residential region in formation of delinquency patterns in the city of Zanjan and expressing the factors effectively contributing to delinquency in the region. The research method, which is of analytical-comparative type used medium centre and oval criteria deviation tests, clustering test, nearest neighbor indices, and Kernel density estimation for analyzing delinquency patterns. The statistical community of the present research includes all the drugs trafficking related crimes occurred in a period of one year in city of Zanjan.The findings of the research indicate that «Biseam» informal habitation is the region, which is prone to drugs trafficking crime. The relative population density in «Biseam» is higher than that of other areas in the city of Zanjan, so is the unemployment rate compared with other areas in the city of Zanjan. On the other hand, excessive numbers of houses, lack of the required urban facilities such as parks, cultural centers, sports facilities and police stations, which have made formal surveillance over the activities of the inhabitants of the area difficult, have been so effective in the geographical distribution, type and level of crime, and formation of delinquency patters in the area.Therefore, it seems that organizing and allocating per capita facilities, equipment and services, establishing healthy recreational and leisure centers, widening pavement networks, determining suitable places for settlement of police forces and improving the physical conditions of houses in the region can reduce the vulnerability of the region against crime occurrence in the region.

The neighborhood is a major factor in urbanism where habitation is characterized. In Iranian traditional cities, the concept of neighborhood demonstrates the values of well-being, identity and sociability. Neighborhoods can be approached into the following ways: external view that includes official boundaries, issues related to urban development and urban management. Internal view that is based on the opinions of those who are living or commuting there regularly. Modality of habitation and the relationship between individuals and neighborhood come in many forms, depending on individual characteristics, social group, generation and his life story. With urban transformations and lifestyles changes, neighborhoods have experienced major mutations especially in Tehran as capital. Oudlajan is one of five old neighborhoods that formed the city of Tehran in the Safavid era. During the Qajar era until the first decades of the Pahlavi era, this neighborhood that was near the government center and the Grand Bazar had an important residential function. It was most attractive neighborhood of the city and the place of residence of noble families. From the 1950s, signs population displacement appeared. With the expansion of the city and the design of new neighborhoods, the original residents of Oudlajan moved to other areas by up to low-income population, including immigrants and workpeople. Many residential buildings in the neighborhood were transformed into the bazaar serving areas, such as warehouses and workshops. Consequently the neighborhood has seen great changes in all the physical, social, demographic and economic aspects. The objective of this research is to recognize the habitation method in Oudlajan and the factors that influence it. Our studies show that the habitation method is influenced by the perception of the neighborhood in the spirit of the population. This perception depends on one side to the personal characteristics of the individual such as age, sex, ethnicity, culture and socio-economic profile and on the other side to the external factors such as physical characteristics of the place, the approaches of the society towards the neighborhood and urban policies. Replacing the original population by immigrant groups, as well as the penetration of economic and industrial activities in the neighborhood has transformed the image of the area permanently and profoundly. Interviews with residents allowed us to gather information about their socio-economic profile, their relationship with the neighborhood, their perception of the neighborhood and their sense of attachment to place. We have found that most of the residents have chosen Oudlajan because of lack of economic capacity to live somewhere else and the short distance between the home and workplace. We did not see any sense of attachment to the place among residents. They have their residence in the neighborhood but without “appropriating space”. Our studies show a lack of interest towards historical buildings and places among the inhabitants. They tend to live in a modern building and neighborhood. This lack of interest derives one side from the problems that exist in the ancient buildings and places and on the other side from the perception of the inhabitants towards this neighborhood.